ngā purongo

1. Mātāpono

Ina pania te kapia wai-wai ki te mata o te papa, ka noho tetahi wāhanga o te kaihoko whakamakuku ki raro i te paninga, e pā ana ki te mata e whakamakukuhia ana, ka mimiti te wāhanga lipophilic ki te mata totoka, ā, ka toro atu te rōpū hydrophilic ki waho ki te wai. Ko te pā i waenga i te wai me te papa ka noho hei pā i waenga i te wai me te rōpū hydrophilic o te kaihoko whakamakuku, ka hanga he hanganga hanawiti me te kaihoko whakamakuku hei paparanga waenga. Ka māmā ake te hora i te wāhanga wai, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakamakuku. Kei runga i te mata o te wai tetahi atu wāhanga o te kaihoko whakamakuku wai-wai, ka toro atu tōna rōpū hydrophilic ki te wai wai, ā, ka whakaatuhia te rōpū hydrophobic ki te hau hei hanga i tetahi paparanga monomolecular, e whakaiti ana i te taumahatanga mata o te paninga, ā, ka pai ake te whakamakuku o te paninga. papa, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakamakuku.

2. He wheako ki te whakamahi i ngā mea whakamakuku wai

I roto i te hanga tūturu, ina whakaarohia te kaha mākū o te kapia, ehara i te mea ko te rahi o tōna taumahatanga mata pūmau anake, engari ko te rahi hoki o te taumahatanga mata hihiri me whai whakaaro, nā te mea i roto i te tukanga paninga o te kapia, i raro i te mahi a te ahotea, i tēnei wā ka iti ake te taumahatanga mata hihiri, ka pai ake te mākū. I tēnei wā, ka tere ake te hanga a te kaihoko mākū i tētahi paparanga monomolecular i runga i te mata o te paninga, arā, ka tere ake te hanganga o tētahi paparanga ngota ngota kua whakahāngaihia, ka pai ake te mākū. Ko te kaihoko mākū kei roto he fluorine ka whakaiti i te taumahatanga mata pūmau, ā, ka taea e te kaihoko mākū kei roto he silicone te whakaiti i te taumahatanga mata hihiri. Nō reira, i roto i te tukanga tono mahi, he mea tino nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaihoko mākū e tika ana kia rite ki te āhuatanga tūturu. He mea nui

3. Te tūranga o ngā kaiwhakamarara wai-pūtake

Ko te mahi a ngā mea whakamarara wai-wai he whakamahi i ngā mea whakamakuku me ngā mea whakamarara hei whakaiti i te wā me te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei whakaoti i te tukanga whakamarara, hei whakau i te whakamararatanga o te tae kua marara, hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga mata o ngā matūriki tae, me te whakarite i te nekenekehanga o ngā matūriki tae. E whakaatahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. Whakapai ake i te kanapa me te whakanui ake i te pānga whakataurite. Ko te kanapa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te marara o te mārama ki runga i te mata o te paninga (arā, he taumata papatahi. He pono, me whakatau mēnā he papatahi mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu whakamātautau, ehara i te mea ko te maha me te āhua o ngā matūriki tuatahi anake, engari ko tō rātou huinga hoki. tikanga), ina iti iho te rahi o te matūriki i te 1/2 o te mārama e pā mai ana (kāore i te tino mārama tēnei uara), ka puta mai hei mārama hurihuri, ā, kāore e piki ake te kanapa. Waihoki, ko te kaha hipoki e whakawhirinaki ana ki te marara hei whakarato i te kaha hipoki matua e kore e piki ake (engari ko te pango waro te nuinga e mimiti ana i te mārama, wareware ki ngā tae waro). Kia mahara: Ko te mārama e pā mai ana e pā ana ki te whānuitanga o te mārama e kitea ana, ā, kāore te whakataurite i te pai; engari kia aro ki te whakaiti i te maha o ngā matūriki tuatahi, e whakaiti ana i te matotoru hanganga, engari ko te whakanui ake i te mata motuhake ka whakaiti i te maha o ngā kapia kore utu. Kāore i te pai te korenga o te pūwāhi taurite. Engari i te nuinga o te wā, kāore te whakataurite i ngā paninga paura i te tino pai.

2. Āraihia te puāwaitanga o te tae mānu.

3. Whakapai ake i te kaha o te tae Kia mahara kāore te kaha o te tae i te tino teitei i roto i te pūnaha tae aunoa.

4. Whakaitihia te matotoru me te whakanui ake i te utaina o te tae.

5. He pēnei te whakaiti i te flocculation, engari ko te angiangi o te matūriki, ko te teitei ake o te pūngao o te mata, ā,

E hiahiatia ana te kaiwhakamarara he nui ake te kaha mimiti, engari ko te kaiwhakamarara he nui rawa te kaha mimiti ka pā kino ki te mahi a te kiriata paninga.

6. He rite tonu te take mō te whakapiki i te pumau o te rokiroki ki te mea i runga ake nei. Kia kore e ranea te pumau o te mea whakamarara, ka kino haere te pumau o te rokiroki (kāore he raruraru i runga i tō pikitia).

7. Whakanuia te whanaketanga tae, whakanuia te mātotoru o te tae, whakanuia te māramatanga (ngā tae waro) te kaha huna rānei (ngā tae kore-waro).